01Perimeter
Classification and regulatory scope
Virtual-asset definitions, property and payment status, securities questions, foreign exchange controls and regulatory boundaries.
Research area 04
Technology law & virtual assets
How law classifies digital value, assigns responsibility and turns complex technical records into accountable public decisions.
This programme examines virtual assets, online investment schemes, financial crime, digital evidence and platform accountability. It combines comparative legal research with public-record investigation, carefully distinguishing representation, allegation, regulatory determination, prosecution, judgment, recovery and remedy.
- Relevant works
- 16
- Curated resources
- 09
- Investigations
- 14
- Active vocabulary
- 23
Research map
Three connected lines of inquiry.
The map keeps the programme broad enough to grow while making its boundaries and analytical emphasis visible.
02Evidence
Investigation and adjudication
Digital records, attribution, tracing, public disclosures and the distinction between suspicion, allegation, charge and judgment.
03Remedy
Accountability and recovery
Institutional responsibility, consumer protection, asset restraint, forfeiture, restitution and the practical outcome gap.
Current questions
Questions that organise the work.
These are programme-level questions. Individual studies define narrower populations, interventions, systems, jurisdictions and periods.
- 01
How should law distinguish payment instruments, investment products, property, proceeds, evidence and infrastructure when virtual assets serve several roles at once?
- 02
How is responsibility allocated across promoters, platforms, exchanges, banks, regulators and public authorities?
- 03
Which legal and evidential pathways can move a case from allegation to restraint, adjudication, recovery and meaningful remedy?
Research programme
Workstreams, not content buckets.
Each stream can contain projects, publications, evidence reviews, methods, datasets and public outputs without duplicating their underlying records.
Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
Functional comparison of legal definitions, licensing, market conduct, AML/CFT, enforcement and consumer protection.
Schemes, financial crime and platform rails
Case-based work that reconciles primary records, court reporting, institutional disclosures and technical representations.
Law, evidence and durable public records
Annotated legislation, regulatory notices, case timelines, evidence ledgers, visual explanations and public guidance.
Selected work
Research, analysis and public records.
Records are drawn from reviewed programme assignments and retain their existing catalogue, publication and canonical identities.
Browse the catalogueTelecom-Enabled Fraud in Sri Lanka: 2026 Evidence Review
Scam operations, payment-fraud cases and the accountability gap: a public-record investigation updated through 27 August 2026.
Open the recordAn investigative report on the rise of telecom fraud in Sri Lanka
A public-interest investigation into the systems, incentives and institutional weaknesses behind the rise of telecom fraud in Sri Lanka.
Beecoin and Sunbird Foundation in Sri Lanka: The Notice-Date Dispute and Missing Recovery Record
A public-record case study of Beecoin and Sunbird Foundation, CBSL's section 83C determination, reported court events, disputed notice timing and the unverified recovery position.
The Rs. 290 Million Binance-Linked Bank Case: What the Public Record Establishes
A narrow public-record companion on a reported Rs. 290 million private-bank general-ledger matter, its possible NDB connection, alleged Binance transfers and the missing recovery record.
Crypto as Representation, Payment and Proceeds: Five Further Sri Lanka-Connected Case Studies
A comparative public-record investigation distinguishing an unauthenticated Beecoin/Sunbird-branded USDT promotion, Infinity Rover's represented USDT terms, Ledger Block's bounded virtual-asset record, Fruugo Oline's reported e-commerce framing, an alleged downstream Binance rail with no Binance wrongdoing established, and a regional Myawaddy crypto/proceeds typology not attributed to Sri Lankan cohorts.
Fast3Cycle International in Sri Lanka: Recruitment Mechanics, Regulatory Status and the Missing Case Record
A public-record case study of Fast3Cycle International's recruitment mechanics, CBSL determination, no verified crypto connection and missing procedural and recovery record.
Infinity Rover in Sri Lanka: USDT Packages, Regulatory Determination and the Missing Recovery Record
A public-record case study of Infinity Rover's crypto-facing representations, USDT package terms, CBSL determination, reported investigative submission to a magistrate and unresolved participant recovery.
Related projects
01Virtual assets in Sri Lanka and Japan
Comparative legal analysis of how two jurisdictions classify cryptocurrency and virtual assets.
Project recordResearch library
Six evidence and communication shelves.
Authorship and evidence type remain explicit. Curated scholarship is never presented as Dr. Arachchige’s publication, and policy or industry material is not presented as peer-reviewed evidence.
01 00
Evidence syntheses
Systematic, scoping and mixed-methods reviews with methods, status, search dates and update policies disclosed.
No public records yet 02 16
Published work
Peer-reviewed outputs, dissertations, reports, investigations and external publications represented by one canonical record.
Current records 03 02
Research by others
Annotated landmark and current studies selected for relevance, quality and their relationship to the active questions.
Reviewed selection 04 05
Policy & industry reports
Regulator, government, standards-body, institutional and industry material, separated from peer-reviewed evidence.
Reviewed selection 05 02
Books & long-form
A selective reading path through foundational and directly relevant books, monographs and chapters.
Reviewed selection 06 00
Visual & public communication
Public explainers, talks, timelines and visual material with a traceable evidence basis.
Developing collectionResearch by others
A bounded selection of landmark or directly relevant scholarly work; it is not represented as a comprehensive bibliography.
Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets
Igor Makarov, Antoinette Schoar · Elsevier
Shows how exchange fragmentation, capital controls and cross-border price differences shape crypto-market infrastructure and regulatory questions.
- Legal classification and regulatory perimeter
- Institutional and platform responsibility
- Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
- DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.07.001
Initial Coin Offerings: Financing Growth with Cryptocurrency Token Sales
Sabrina T. Howell, Marina Niessner, David Yermack · Oxford University Press
Provides empirical evidence on token-sale design and outcomes, useful for separating financing mechanisms from their legal and disclosure treatment.
- Legal classification and regulatory perimeter
- Institutional and platform responsibility
- Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
- DOI: 10.1093/rfs/hhz131
Policy & industry reports
A bounded selection of authoritative policy, legal, standards or institutional material, kept distinct from peer-reviewed scholarship.
Targeted Report on Regulatory Challenges from Decentralised Finance
Financial Action Task Force · Financial Action Task Force
Updates the programme’s regulatory perimeter with a functional analysis of control, supervision and illicit-finance risk in decentralised-finance arrangements.
- Jurisdiction
- International
- Status
- Current FATF targeted report
- Status reviewed
- 30 Aug 2026
- Legal classification and regulatory perimeter
- Institutional and platform responsibility
- Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
- Schemes, financial crime and platform rails
Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 on markets in crypto-assets
European Parliament and Council of the European Union · Official Journal of the European Union
Provides a major enacted regulatory model for issuance, service-provider authorisation, market conduct and client protection in crypto-asset markets.
- Jurisdiction
- European Union
- Status
- EU regulation in force
- Status reviewed
- 30 Aug 2026
- Editorial note
- The EUR-Lex page provides the current consolidated text and links to the authentic Official Journal act.
- Legal classification and regulatory perimeter
- Institutional and platform responsibility
- Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
- LEGISLATION‑NUMBER: Regulation (EU) 2023/1114
Public Awareness in Relation to the Use of Virtual Currencies in Sri Lanka
Central Bank of Sri Lanka · Central Bank of Sri Lanka
Records the Central Bank’s published position on authorisation, payment-card restrictions and risks, forming a primary Sri Lankan regulatory source.
- Jurisdiction
- Sri Lanka
- Status
- Central-bank public notice
- Status reviewed
- 30 Aug 2026
- Legal classification and regulatory perimeter
- Institutional and platform responsibility
- Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
- Law, evidence and durable public records
Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers
Financial Action Task Force · Financial Action Task Force
Defines a functional AML/CFT approach to virtual assets and VASPs and provides a baseline for comparing licensing, supervision and travel-rule implementation.
- Jurisdiction
- International
- Status
- Intergovernmental standards guidance
- Status reviewed
- 30 Aug 2026
- Editorial note
- The issuing page warns that the guidance does not reflect FATF standard revisions made after publication and should be read with newer guidance.
- Legal classification and regulatory perimeter
- Institutional and platform responsibility
- Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
Show 1 more reviewed resources
Payment Services Act
Government of Japan · Japanese Law Translation
Supplies the statutory definitions and exchange-service framework central to comparing Japan’s crypto-asset model with Sri Lankan regulatory positions.
- Jurisdiction
- Japan
- Status
- Japanese statute; unofficial English translation service
- Status reviewed
- 30 Aug 2026
- Editorial note
- The English translation is provided for reference; the Japanese text remains authoritative.
- Legal classification and regulatory perimeter
- Institutional and platform responsibility
- Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
- LEGISLATION‑NUMBER: Act No. 59 of 2009
Books & long-form
A selective reading path of foundational or directly relevant books and monographs.
Cryptoassets: Legal, Regulatory, and Monetary Perspectives
Chris Brummer · Oxford University Press
Offers an interdisciplinary legal and policy reading path across token classification, disclosure, monetary questions and Asian regulatory approaches.
- Legal classification and regulatory perimeter
- Institutional and platform responsibility
- Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
- DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190077310.001.0001
- ISBN‑13: 9780190077310
- ISBN‑13: 9780190077358
Blockchain and the Law: The Rule of Code
Primavera De Filippi, Aaron Wright · Harvard University Press
Provides a foundational account of how blockchain architectures interact with legal rules, institutional authority and technology-mediated governance.
- Legal classification and regulatory perimeter
- Institutional and platform responsibility
- Virtual-asset regulation across jurisdictions
- DOI: 10.4159/9780674985933
- ISBN‑13: 9780674976429
Visual & public communication
No public item is included until its source basis, authorship and programme relevance are verified.
No public resource is currently included on this shelf.
Developing collection; no verified public resource is currently exposed.
Research vocabulary
A visible topic language for people and machines.
Terms describe the actual programme, methods and settings. They support internal navigation and scholarly discovery without repeating hidden or irrelevant keyword lists.
01
Core concepts
- technology law
- virtual assets
- cryptocurrency regulation
- cryptoasset regulation
- virtual asset service providers
- digital assets
- platform accountability
- consumer protection
02
Law & enforcement
- AML/CFT
- financial crime
- prohibited schemes
- pyramid schemes
- digital evidence
- asset recovery
- proceeds of crime
- foreign exchange law
03
Contexts
- Sri Lanka virtual asset regulation
- Japan cryptoasset regulation
- bank accountability
- cryptocurrency fraud
- online investment schemes
- exchange and wallet evidence
- regulatory enforcement
Open research infrastructure
Public assets only when the record exists.
Protocols, registrations, datasets, code, evidence ledgers and citation exports appear here only after their public destination and current version have been verified.
Availability is not implied.
No programme-level protocol, dataset, code package, evidence ledger or citation export has been verified as publicly accessible under the M4 asset contract.
Research agenda
Explore the other programmes.
Discuss this programme
Research, collaboration and public-interest enquiries.
Use the research-area address as the stable entry point; individual outputs and external resources retain their own authorship, publication and citation records.
Contact Dr. Arachchige